A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and American Work Values - Free Essay Example

à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and American Work Valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Introduction Discussion Bibliography Introduction Work values influence attitudes and behaviour at work which can have a major effect on productivity and performance especially if managers are aware of these work values. This research can be integral to human resource managers as it aides them when it comes to employing, predicting and managing behaviour. Much research has been carried out on Chinese work values but rarely have they been compared to the work values of Irish employees. In this paper, I will try to examine the differences or similarities between Irish and Chinese work values. It is hypothesized that the work values between these two nations will vary greatly. Discussion Work related values refer to the goals or rewards people seek through their work. They can be divided categorically into four groups: intrinsic, extrinsic, social and power. These groups can be defined as (1) intrinsic: personal growth, autonomy and interest; (2) extrinsic: security and salary; (3) social: relationships and contribution to society; (4) power: authority and stimulus (Schwartz, 1999). When discussing the topic of work values it is essential that one must highlight the role in which culture has to play in differentiating these values. HOFSTEDE, TROMPENAARS (Schwartz, 1999) suggests that the differences in various cultural values can be used to determine links relating to work values. Several studies examining Maslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1943) hierachy of needs also show similar but not identical rank ordering of needs across cultures. As it has been proven that there are several differences across different cultures , it must be noted what actually determines these dif ferences. Previous research suggests that these determinants lie in the employees ethnic origin, cultural exposure and parent companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s nationality (Verburg Drenthe, 1999) (Yang Bond, 1990). In an article by (Wang, Ling, Jaw, 2006), two specific instruments were addressed in order to determine the differences in cultural values and work values bewtween Asian and western employees. In order to measure culture, Hofstedeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1980) four dimensions: (1) power distance; (2) masculinity; (3) individualism; (4) uncertainty avoidance were used. Power distance relates to the degree of inequality acceptable in a society (Hofstede, 1980). Masculinity refers to the degree in which values like assertiveness, performance, success and competitiveness associated with the role of men, prevail over values associated with femininity such as service, care for the weak and solidarity (Hofstede, 1980). With regards to results, it was found that Chinese employees tend ed to be more uncertainty avoiding than their counterparts (Wang, Ling, Jaw, 2006). With regards to their work values Asian employees were found to score much higher than their western counterparts in terms of contribution to society, stability and security. When it comes to conducting the study, Chinese researchers have used western questionaires to further study employees work values and have found valuable information (WeiWei, 1991). However, some issues need to addressed in this situation. It would be foolish to ignore the everchanging Chinese social environment. Since, the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s China has been changing from a centrally planned economy (Jiang Yang, 2011) to a global market economy. As a result of these changes, Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s population has been opened up to more western influences. It must also be noted that over the past few years China as a region has been at the helm of many natural disasters and epidemics such as SARS, earthquakes and floodi ng (Wenquan Ligang, 1999). On one side of the scale the Chinese population has suffered greatly but in turn they have grown to embrace some values more than others. Examples of these values include health, security and solidarity. (Huang, 1995) suggests that the emphasis of social norms between Chinese and western work values may be so significant that researchers should invent new Chinese work dimensions. As a result of Huangà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s advice, (Neitai, 2010) came up with the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢four dimensions of Chinese work valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. These four dimensions include: (1) social harmony; (2) self realization; (3) material conditions; and (4) prosperous development. Social harmony refers to relationship bewtween family and the organization, self realization refers to the inner experience gained from work, material conditions relate to salary, working hours and welfare and finally prosperous development relates to improving compa ny performance, serving people and advancing China as a whole. In terms of work values relating to employees within the United States, Jurgensenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1978) study of over 57,000 job applicants at the Minesota Gas Company is crucial. Applicants were made complete a questionaire in which they ranked the importance of ten job characteriscs in relation to their wellbeing. What Jurgensen found was that surprisingly pay was the fifth most ranked job characteristic while job security topped the list. Several other researchers such as (Lindahl, 1949) and (Kovach, 1995) have used similar questionnaires in which U.S employees were asked to rank ten job attributes. Unlike Jurgensen, Kovach found that the age difference in employees led to differences in the ranking system. He found that senior employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s were more self concious on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢being kept in the loopà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rather than attributes such as pay and job security which which were found to motivate younger employees. An interesting element when comparing both the U.S and China is the importance of wages. Since the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, bonuses based on performanc ealone have become much more accepted in Chinese society (Easterby-Smith, 1995) with the Chinese government promoting the idea that it is glorious to be rich (Zhao, 1994). It has been suggested that this mentality installed in Chinese employees working overseas is quite evident as they have been known to talk openly about money whereas most U.S employees are hesitant (Redding, 1993). In relation to job security as a work value, Jurgensenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model ranked job security as a number attribute between 1949 and 1975. However, when compared to the other models from the 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, it can be found in 4th place. According to (Fisher Yuan, 1998) job security in China is less important due to the fact that until the mid 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s many employees in China were working for state owned organizations and it was and still is very difficult to fire an employee until the end of their contract. We must also consider the fact that Chinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s workforce is becoming younger and more skilled which leaves them with better prospects of employment or remployment (Zhao, 1994). A final contrasting work value is that of interesting work, promotion and growth which are reasonably important to US employees at present, while the idea of partaking in interesting work seems to be very important. The importance of these values have come to light due to the significant amount of research conducted within the United States of personal work values (Fisher Yuan, 1998). With regards to these issues in China, there seems to be very few, signifying that possibly the majority of non-managerial employees are not familiar with meeting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"higher levelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ needs in the work place (Lu Kao, 2011). It co uld be said that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"luxuryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ of interesting work is more of a privilege or expectation of employees in more developed nations. In studying the history of American work psychology, salary was seen as the principle motivator at the beginning of the century, while social factors and job satisfaction came to the forefront in the 1940s, and interesting work was not revealed as an important variable by employees until the 1950à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (Schwartz, 1999). Conclusion It may be interesting to study whether such a progression occurs over time in other countries as economic growth and living standards increase. Most managerial researchers in China validate their work by highlighting the fact that changes are happening very rapidly, and that work values may not be constant when the economic system is in the process of change (Chen, 1995). Forecasts such as those above, which are built on current literature, will probably not be significant in the future. It is also probable that value changes would be encouraged most willingly by younger employees as they may have been brought up with more western influences when compared to their seniors. Therefore, we might assume that preferences would vary between older and younger employees, with the older generation of employees having more traditional social and economic preferences while the younger generation adopting intrinsic and success oriented matters to a larger extent. Bibliography Chen, C. (1995). New Trends in Reward Allocation Preferences: A Sino-US Comparison. Academy of Management Journal, 408-28. Easterby-Smith, M. (1995). How Culture Sensitive is HRM: A Comparative Analysis of Practice in Chinese UK Companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 31-59. Fisher, C., Yuan, A. (1998). What motivates employees? A comparison of US and Chinese. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 517-28. Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership and organisation: Do American theories apply abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 42-63. Huang, G. (1995). Comparing the work values of Taiwan and mainland. Study of local pschology, 92-147. Jiang, X., Yang, J. (2011). Understanding the Work Values of Chinese Employees. Journal of Pschology, 579-83. Jurgensen, C. (1978). Job preferences (What makes a good job bad?). Journal of Applied Psychology, 267-76. Kovach, K. (1995). Employee Motivation: Addressing a Crucial Factor in you r Organisations Performance. George Mason University, 49-60. Lindahl, L. (1949). What Makes a Good Job. Lu, L., Kao, S. S. (2011). Work Stress, Chinese Work Values, and Work Well-Being in the Greater China. The Journal of Social Psychology, 767-83. Maslow, A. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 370-96. Neitai, C. (2010). A study of relationships among work values, leadership styles and organizational citizenship behaviour. Beijing: Chung Yang Christian University. Redding, G. (1993). The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism. New York: Walter de Grutyer. Schwartz, S. (1999). A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology: An Introduction Review, 23-47. Verburg, R., Drenthe, P. (1999). Managing human resources across cultures: A comparative analysis of practices in industrial enterprises in China and the Netherlands. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 391-410. Wang, C., Ling, Y., Jaw, B. (2 006). Cross-Cultural Determinants of Chinese Employee. Asia Pacific Management Review , 73-81. WeiWei, N. (1991). A Review on Occupation Values. Studies on Social Psychology, 34-40. Wenquan, L., Ligang, B. (1999). Study on the vocational value of Chinese undergraduates. Acta of Psychology, 839-52. Yang, K., Bond, S. (1990). Exploring implicit personality theories with indigenous or imported constructs: The Chinese case. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1087-95. Zhao, S. (1994). Human Resource Management in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 3-12.

Baseball The Greatest Past Times - 1079 Words

Baseball, known as one of America’s greatest past times, has such an iconic and diverse history. From the founding of the game, to the struggles and historic events, and even the many great players, baseball is filled with so much history that has made professional baseball what it is today. The 19th century was an integral time in the evolution of baseball. The game of baseball saw a great amount of growth, exciting ballplayers, and the creation of professional teams that would eventually soon become known as Major League Baseball, MLB. The game of baseball had been around for quite some time with several different rules and regulations determined by those playing. In enters Alexander Joy Cartwright, who would develop major rules in†¦show more content†¦Due to the nature of baseball, it could be played on virtually any surface. And although most clubs were perceivably owned by the upper class, during the mid 19th century, baseball grew among the working class who bec ame players and was the most popular among fans of the game. The surges in playing also saw the expansion of clubs and teams towards the north, and eventually move westward towards Oregon and California. In 1869, after many more clubs formed, the first publicly announced all-professional baseball team was formed. The Cincinnati Red Stockings, formed under the leadership of captain Harry Wright, was the first team to put players under contract and pay them a salary. The team was financed by a group of Ohio investors and Wright recruited players from all over the country and had them undergo rigorous training and practice. The training was merited as the team traveled from coast to coast winning all of their games and recorded the only undefeated season in baseball history. Shortly after, the team would suffer financially and the team folded after only two years (Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings). Nevertheless, although the Cincinnati team folded, the popularity of baseball had grown so big that the team set a precedent for future professional teams to follow. These teams would join the professional ranks and create The National Association of

Critical Analysis of the Oral Testimony of Maya Rani on...

Katrina Ann Abdul Hadi ID: 24681598 School of Arts and Social Sciences ATS1325 Contemporary Worlds 1 The partition of India in 1948 led to one of the largest mass migration movements in the world. The successful attainment of independence from colonial rule is also a narrative of religious nationalism, displacement and communal violence between the two nation states of India and Pakistan or more definitively the Muslims and Hindus. In Urvashi Butalia’s (2000, pp.264-300) â€Å"The Other Side of Silence† the oral testimony of Maya Rani, a Punjabi woman who was a child living in Pakistan during the Partition is particularly important to the histiography surrounding the event as it is told from a different perspective by a person not†¦show more content†¦Her experience is reminiscent of the communal experience of the Partition by the population during the period of 1947-1952. The young girl’s suicide has a strong link to the event in Thoa Khalsa where close to a hundred women drowned themselves by jumping into a well supposedly ‘preferring’ de ath rather than being ‘dishonoured’ by the men from the opposing side. She relates the events in a somewhat cool and detached demeanour as if it had nothing to do with the particular bubble which was her life. Maya Rani then comments that little over a year after the Partition she got married â€Å"and then completely forgot about Pakistan† (Butalia, 2000, p. 267). However, how much of that which she did not elaborate on or ‘forgot’ is because of the imagined community’s sense of nationhood and the unspoken agreement of communal silence on the issue of the abuse of women’s rights, rape and the abduction and ‘recovery’ of women across borders during and after the Partition. From her point of view the whole process of hatred and ethnic cleansing was instigated by the English, by troublemakers who wanted ‘blood up to the knees’ to show that â€Å"we were incapable of ruling so that theShow MoreRelatedThe Partition onf India1231 Words   |  5 PagesThe Partition of India in August, 1947 was a significant event in history that accounted for the separation of one of the world’s oldest civilization into two, independent nations – Pakistan and India. Like many other wars in history, The Partition of India was instigated by religious, political and social conflict. This resulted in violence, discrimination and the largest human displacement in contemporary history. While the Partition was well-studied, much of our understanding was focused on the

Power Raising in Conflict Resolution †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Power Raising in Conflict Resolution. Answer: Introduction: When you are working with others, one can hardly prevent conflict. This is because people have different perspectives. This perspectives and differences in opinion later become conflict. How the group handles these conflicts can either bring advantage or disadvantages to the group. Conflict in a group is however not a bad thing (Chesebro, Cragan, and McCullough, 2017). It makes the group to be more effective. Resolving a conflict in a group requires the members to have patience and respect. Conflict is an inherent part in human lives and can hardly be avoided. While resolving conflict in a group the group members may choose to share power or elect new leaders in the group. Differentroles can also arise from conflict leading the group to select new leaders for each role. In every group conflict is very important. How this conflict is handled in the group is important for the success of the group as it enable them reach their goals. Power sharing is used to resolve dispute s in groups and it relies on people sharing power in a joint form. Power most of the time brings negative impressions, thus, power management in a group is imperative as it reduces conflict. A team leader has the ability to raise a members power in order to avoid conflict in a group (Sheremeta, 2017). Therefore, power of the group is generally raised when the group members come to an agreement after a conflict. References Chesebro, J.W., Cragan, J.F. and McCullough, P., 2017. The small group technique of the radical revolutionary: A synthetic study of consciousness raising. Communications Monographs, 40(2), pp.136-146. Sheremeta, R. M. (2017). Behavior in group contests: A review of experimental research. Journal of Economic Surveys.

Essay Writing Tips - How to Find the Best Essay Sample

Essay Writing Tips - How to Find the Best Essay SampleThere are several reasons why so many people turn to the internet to find factual essay samples. Perhaps it is due to their online college or university classes, maybe they need to fill out a career profile or to be prepared for a speech on the best time to purchase a home or car. Whatever the reason, there are many different sources where you can find the information you need.The most important thing to do is find out what the option you are using for your document is. There are several free samples to choose from. You may want to visit the websites of schools to see if they have many options available.There are also different websites that offer free samples and guides. Many universities will post their current on-line syllabus. When they do this, you can go to their website and see what types of topics they cover.You can also use academic writing as a base for all your essays. For example, if you were planning to apply for a ne w job, you could write your resume at the beginning of your essay. Then you could finish off your essays with reference to your experience.Free writing samples are usually very basic, but there are some paid essays to help you develop a more effective style. This may help you in one or two areas, but still a lot of work needs to be done to create the style you need. You may want to check the official website of the university you are applying to, or try searching online.To find the resume sample that is right for you, look at the resume in its entirety. Don't just focus on the summary. Look at the job information, contact information, and reference lists to see what you need to prepare for your new employer.Resume writing tips are available online to help you get started. Even if you don't have the time or the money to hire an essay writer, you can get lots of ideas by searching online. You should choose the company or institution you are interested in joining as soon as possible.

Term Paper Proposal Explained

Term Paper Proposal Explained What's Actually Happening with Term Paper Proposal A research proposal comprises six vital components. It provides a brief (two fifty to three hundred words) overview of your research paper which gives the reader sufficient information about the research work you will be doing, the complete work plan and the value and scope of your research work. Generally, it should contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the readers to evaluate the proposed study. It is part of a formal research process, so take it seriously. Proposal writing is valuable to your pursuit of a graduate level. The very first goal of every introduction is going to be to herald to the readers that something serious which needs to be managed properly in the body of the expression paper. When you are just about to submit your work you should do it so in the APA format. The research proposal format is comparable to analysis essays. 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World War Z Essay Topics - Do You Have The Right Essay Topics For This Game?

World War Z Essay Topics - Do You Have The Right Essay Topics For This Game?If you have taken a World War Z essay exam and passed, then congratulations. We will help you decide if the essay topics are fair or not by taking a look at the paper that you submitted. This essay can be taken as an actual World War Z Assignment.How do you decide which essay topics will help you learn more about the zombie apocalypse? After all, many people have questions regarding the zombie outbreak in the news. Have you thought about answering your own questions? Some people find it hard to answer questions, so they choose to just write an essay topic on the news and hope they get the right answers.The zombie apocalypse is a natural disaster that affects many areas in the United States of America. A large number of people are living in an area of the country where the national parks have been closed and people are evacuated. Many homes in areas of the country that are highly populated have also evacuated and shut off water and electricity. Many areas of the country are badly damaged and people are in danger of getting the flu or even worse, being infected with the zombie virus.After you have decided to write World War Z essay topics on the news, there are many things to consider. The most important thing is the type of topic. The last World War I experienced a very rapid news media cycle. The U.S. News and World Report were dominating the news, and many news stories were happening almost daily. For example, at one point in time, the US News and World Report were receiving three hundred different stories each day!While this type of news cycle was perfect for promoting the news, it can also lead to the word viral. One thing about World War Z is that there is a very large news media frenzy, which is something you want to avoid in writing World War Z essay topics. To make sure that your World War Z essay topics are not able to be related to your World War Z Assignment, you need to make sure that you write a topic that can help you answer your question. This can be as simple as writing about if the zombies would find a way to thrive in a dry lake bed.There are some World War Z essay topics that can help you learn about how the zombies get water and survive in the hot sun. These topics will help you learn more about the disease outbreak, and they are absolutely free!